Semiconductor nanolasers are emerging as key components for next-generation optical systems requiring ultra-low power and compact design. Traditional lasers face limitations at the nanoscale, prompting researchers to explore innovative nanolaser architectures. A recent study outlines breakthroughs in photonic crystal nanolasers, deep subwavelength cavities, and Fano lasers. These technologies enable enhanced light confinement and energy efficiency, making them ideal for applications in on-chip communication, neuromorphic computing, and hybrid optical-electronic systems.

Scientists have developed a new machine learning approach that accurately predicted critical and difficult-to-compute properties of molten salts, materials with diverse nuclear energy applications. 

Liquid biopsy (LB) represents a promising strategy for the early diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. However, relying solely on single-biomarker immunohistochemistry for predictive purposes has shown limited efficacy, often leading to suboptimal responses in certain patients. LB provides a complementary or alternative approach to immunohistochemistry by aiding in the identification of patients better suited for immunotherapy, thereby improving treatment precision. This review highlights key LB targets, including circulating tumor cells, exosomes, and small protein molecules, and explores the predictive and prognostic value of LB in immunotherapy for lung cancer and other tumors. These biomarkers play complex and multifaceted roles in liquid biopsies. Consequently, researchers have developed numerous targeted detection methods to study and identify key factors among multiple biomarkers in lung cancer and other tumor diseases. In addition, the limitations and future directions of LB are examined, aiming to advance its clinical application and support the development of personalized and precise immunotherapy. The integration of LB with artificial intelligence holds significant clinical potential for guiding immunotherapy and advancing precision medicine in lung cancer and other tumors.

Black soils, revered as the world's agricultural powerhouses, are rapidly deteriorating under mounting environmental and human pressures. 

Salinity is a rising threat to global agriculture, severely limiting crop productivity and damaging soil health. 

Microplastics, tiny plastic particles increasingly found in agricultural soils, are raising alarms for their role in spreading antibiotic resistance. 

As agriculture struggles to feed a growing global population under mounting environmental stress, nanotechnology is emerging as a potential game-changer.

Abstract

Purpose – This paper originally proposed the fuzzy option pricing method for green bonds. Based on the requirements of arbitrage equilibrium, this paper draws on Merton's corporate bond option pricing model.

Design/methodology/approach – Describing the asset value behavior of green bond issuing enterprises through diffusion-jump processes to reflect the uncertainty brought by carbon emission reduction policies and technologies, using approximation methods to get the analytical pricing formula and then, using a fuzzification technique of Choquet expectation under  λ-additive fuzzy measures after considering fuzzy factors, the paper provides fuzzy intervals for the parity coupon rates of green bonds with different subjective levels for investors.

Findings – The paper proposes and argues the classical and fuzzy option pricing methods in turn for both corporate ordinary bonds and green bonds, considering carbon risk or climate risk. It implements the scenario analysis varying with industry emission standards and discusses the sensitiveness of the related key parameters of the option.

Practical implications – The fuzzy option pricing for the green bonds provides the scope of the variable equilibrium values, operational theoretical supports and some policy implications of carbon reduction and promoting green funding.

Originality/value – The logic of introducing the fuzziness of the option pricing for the green bonds lies with considering the existence of fuzzy information about the project supported by the green bond and the subjectivity of investors and it also responds to changes in technological uncertainty and policy uncertainty in the process of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.”