Downy mildew is a destructive disease that severely limits the yield and quality of many vegetable crops. 

The accelerated evolution of space technology has elevated the importance of high power and lightweight attributes in satellite design. In response to the conflict between the demand for large-scale, high-power payloads and the need for lightweight, compact platforms, flexible space origami membrane structures have emerged as a potential solution. These structures possess the ability to overcome the limitations of traditional deployable mechanisms. Their geometric reconfiguration capabilities, characterized by high folding ratios, effectively satisfy the high-power performance demands.

Multilingual Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success in advancing multilingual natural language processing, enabling effective knowledge transfer from high-resource to low-resource languages. Despite their achievements, MLLMs still face numerous issues and challenges, which can be categorized into three main aspects: corpora, alignment, and bias.

The 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was recently granted to David Baker, Demis Hassabis and John M. Jumper, renowned for their pioneering works in protein design.

Network security has always been the focus of Internet research. In order to better detect these attacks, it is necessary to more accurately evaluate the state performance of the network. The existing measurement methods often only focus on a single or very few indicators.

Abstract

Purpose – This study examines how oil market volatility and clean energy trends impact the stock performance of automakers, specifically comparing traditional manufacturers with electric vehicle (EV) producers such as BYD and Tesla. The objective is to assess the extent to which traditional automakers are sensitive to oil market fluctuations, while EV manufacturers align more closely with clean energy dynamics, particularly during global market crises.

Design/methodology/approach – Using daily data from January 2013 to December 2023, we conduct linear regressions, GARCH, DCC-GARCH and the Diebold–Yilmaz connectedness approaches in the analysis. We use these econometric models to capture volatility patterns, correlations and cross-market spillovers.

Findings – Traditional manufacturers are affected by both oil prices and clean energy development. While traditional automakers remain more vulnerable to oil price volatility, global leading EV manufacturers BYD and Tesla are less sensitive to oil price shocks and show strong alignment with clean energy indices. Significant volatility spillovers are observed during global crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine conflict.

Originality/value – The paper uniquely integrates clean energy indices into the analysis of oil price impacts on automaker stocks. By comparing traditional and EV manufacturers using advanced econometric models, it sheds light on the literature of energy markets and sustainable financial markets.