The adaptive arm of the immune system is crucial for appropriate antitumor immune responses. It is generally accepted that clusters of differentiation 4⁺ (CD4⁺) T cells, which mediate T helper (Th) 1 immunity (type 1 immunity), are the primary Th cell subtype associated with tumor elimination. In this review, we discuss evidence showing that antitumor immunity and better prognosis can be associated with distinct Th cell subtypes in experimental mouse models and humans, with a focus on Th2 cells. The aim of this review is to provide an overview and understanding of the mechanisms associated with different tumor outcomes in the face of immune responses by focusing on the (1) site of tumor development, (2) tumor properties (i. e., tumor metabolism and cytokine receptor expression), and (3) type of immune response that the tumor initially escaped. Therefore, we discuss how low-tolerance organs, such as lungs and brains, might benefit from a less tissue-destructive immune response mediated by Th2 cells. In addition, Th2 cells antitumor effects can be independent of CD8+ T cells, which would circumvent some of the immune escape mechanisms that tumor cells possess, like low expression of major histocompatibility-I (MHC-I). Finally, this review aims to stimulate further studies on the role of Th2 cells in antitumor immunity and briefly discusses emerging treatment options.

Adult-onset brain cancers, such as glioblastomas, are particularly lethal. People with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) do not anticipate living for more than 15 months if there is no cure. The results of conventional treatments over the past 20 years have been underwhelming. Tumor aggressiveness, location, and lack of systemic therapies that can penetrate the blood–brain barrier are all contributing factors. For GBM treatments that appear promising in preclinical studies, there is a considerable rate of failure in phase I and II clinical trials. Unfortunately, access becomes impossible due to the intricate architecture of tumors. In vitro, bioengineered cancer models are currently being used by researchers to study disease development, test novel therapies, and advance specialized medications. Many different techniques for creating in vitro systems have arisen over the past few decades due to developments in cellular and tissue engineering. Later-stage research may yield better results if in vitro models that resemble brain tissue and the blood–brain barrier are used. With the use of 3D preclinical models made available by biomaterials, researchers have discovered that it is possible to overcome these limitations. Innovative in vitro models for the treatment of GBM are possible using biomaterials and novel drug carriers. This review discusses the benefits and drawbacks of 3D in vitro glioblastoma modeling systems.

Travelers who use chatbots powered by artificial intelligence on hotel booking platforms often feel uneasy. That discomfort can cause them to disengage or delay booking decisions, according to new research.

The study, from the Texas A&M College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and published in the International Journal of Hospitality Management, found consumers react most negatively to hospitality chatbots when the technology appears inaccurate or unreliable, deceptive or intrusive.

Gliomas are difficult to treat. Epigenetic changes – without altering DNA sequence – drive tumor growth and therapy resistance. Metabolic intermediates (acetyl‑CoA, SAM, α‑KG, NAD⁺) act as cofactors for epigenetic enzymes, linking nutrient availability to gene expression. Diabetes worsens glioma progression via hyperglycemia, inflammation, and epigenetic reprogramming. Tumors near brain autonomic centers may disrupt heart function, increasing sudden death risk, especially in diabetics. This review integrates metabolism, epigenetics, and brain‑heart signaling to propose personalized treatments targeting both tumor and systemic health.

The systematic review highlights several critical insights into how machines understand human feelings. Researchers found that dimensional emotional models—which measure continuous states like arousal and valence—have influenced the field far more than discrete models that simply categorize basic emotions like happiness or sadness.

Fermentation is one of the oldest methods of preserving food. Long before refrigerators existed, people relied on microorganisms to keep food – including meat – safe to eat. PhD research by VUB researcher Ana Sosa Fajardo (VUB Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology) now sheds light on why a fermented sausage, for instance, is not only safe to eat but also enjoyable in terms of flavour. According to the researcher, an invisible battle unfolds between bacteria during the fermentation process. Her PhD research shows how certain bacteria compete with one another or cooperate, and adapt in ways that ultimately ensure the flavour, colour and safety of fermented meat.