A global analysis found that almost everyone on Earth experiences at least one poor environmental condition, with the greatest burdens falling on low-income and Indigenous communities.

Abstract

Purpose – This paper studies the determinants for the desirability of the public-private partnership (PPP) mode in infrastructure development.

Design/methodology/approach – The author manually collects data on over 12,000 PPP projects in China, and regard the successful transition and abnormal termination as signals for the mode’s desirability and undesirability, respectively. Then, guided by relevant theories in the literature, the author investigates the impact of various project characteristics on the projects’ successful transition and abnormal termination.

Findings – First, execution-stage projects in industries where government support is indispensable, or where quality improvement is more important than cost reduction, face higher likelihood of abnormal termination. But such negative effects are mitigated if state-owned enterprises (SOEs) participate in the social party. Second, the structure of social party matters. The participation by private firms in the social party increases the termination likelihood, while the decentralization of the social party decreases it. Third, pre-execution projects with government payment or subsidies are more likely to enter into the execution stage.

Practical implications – Regulations on participation by SOEs in PPPs, such as policy [2023 No. 115] announced by State Council, should take industrial heterogeneity into consideration.

Originality/value – Using a large sample, the author empirically tests the seminal PPP-related theoriesin the literature. The author also uncovers some unique stylized facts about PPPs in China, especially the impact of SOE participation in the social party on PPP survival.

The risk of dying is six times higher among patients who become short of breath after being admitted to hospital, according to research published in ERJ Open Research. Patients who were in pain were not more likely to die. The study of nearly 10,000 people suggests that asking patients if they are feeling short of breath could help doctors and nurses to focus care on those who need it most.