This article summarizes metabolic reprogramming in prostate cancer (PCa). Early PCa relies more on glycolysis. castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) enhances glucose metabolism, shifts glutaminase isoform for efficient glutamine use, and upregulates lipid metabolism via androgen receptor. Targeting these pathways offers new therapeutic strategies for PCa, especially CRPC.

Large language models (LLMs) play a key role in advancing intelligent healthcare. While LLMs are increasingly applied in medical fields such as disease screening, diagnostic assistance, and health management, there are no evidence-based guidelines for assessing their effectiveness in healthcare. Now, researchers have developed a consensus that provides a systematic and evidence-based evaluation framework to assess effectiveness of LLMs in medical applications. The framework includes scientific evaluation metrics and procedures, providing guidance for model evaluators.

Current guidelines lack clear, consistent recommendations on liver-beneficial exercise for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Analyzing 24 randomized controlled trials via Bayesian network and dose-response network meta-analyses, a new study confirms a nonlinear dose-response relationship between exercise and hepatic steatosis. It identifies key dose thresholds: 460 (minimum), 630 (cost-effective), and 850 MET-min/week (plateau), and highlights that combined aerobic-resistance exercise offers both efficacy and dose advantages, emphasizing tailored prescriptions based on patient heterogeneity, preferences, and conditions.

Koç University researchers have developed an ultra-thin, fully wireless retinal stimulation technology that could help address vision loss caused by retinal degenerative diseases. Led by Prof. Dr. Sedat Nizamoğlu, the international team designed a nanotechnology-based system that converts low-intensity near-infrared light into electrical signals to stimulate retinal neurons safely and precisely. Published in Science Advances, the study shows that the biocompatible nano-assembly produces strong and repeatable neural responses in retinal models without inducing cellular stress, toxicity, or harmful heating. By eliminating bulky electronics and using safer near-infrared light, the platform offers a promising alternative to existing retinal implants and may also be adapted for broader neuromodulation applications.

Lockdowns isolated teenagers from friends, disrupted their routines, and kept them at home with daily reports of bad news. So most people assume teenagers felt worse during COVID-19 lockdowns, but a Tokyo study shows the opposite. Scientists at Nagoya University and their collaborators tracked Tokyo teens through the pandemic and found they experienced depression less often during lockdowns than during normal school life. Published in PLOS Medicine, the study found two groups that experienced depression differently. Both felt better during lockdown, but brain scans showed biological differences between them.