Protonic ceramic cells (PCCs) are emerging as highly efficient devices for power generation, hydrogen production, and chemical synthesis at intermediate temperatures. However, their advancement depends on a deeper understanding of proton transport, hydration mechanisms, and surface catalytic reactions. This review highlights how diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) provides a powerful, surface-sensitive approach to uncover these mechanisms in real time. By probing hydroxyl formation, carbonate species, reaction intermediates, and proton migration pathways, DRIFTS enables researchers to decode key phenomena that govern PCC performance. The study also outlines major challenges and proposes strategies to expand DRIFTS capabilities for improving materials design and accelerating PCC development.

Vegetative propagation is the backbone of commercial chrysanthemum production, yet large differences in rooting ability among varieties continue to limit efficiency and profitability. 

Grafting without rootstock cotyledons offers a cost-saving solution for watermelon production by eliminating shoot regrowth, yet its low survival rate has limited commercial adoption. 

Bioactive polysaccharides are the primary medicinal components of Dendrobium officinale, yet the transcriptional regulation underlying their biosynthesis has remained largely unclear.