Endemic to China’s Yangtze River, the Yangtze finless porpoise is known for its intelligence and charismatic appearance; it looks like it has a perpetual smile on its face. To track how this critically endangered porpoise’s habitat range has changed over time, a team of biodiversity and conservation experts compiled 724 ancient Chinese poems referencing the porpoise from historic collections across China. Publishing in the Cell Press journal Current Biology on May 5, their results show that the porpoise’s range has decreased by at least 65% over the past 1,400 years, with the majority of this decline occurring in the past century.  

Thought to be extinct, The Monte Gordo Grasshopper was recently rediscovered after more than 40 years of no records. Unique to the island of São Nicolau, the insect is a “living fossil” that has shown remarkable resilience, surviving the volcanic island's challenging conditions for millions of years. The discovery, published in the Journal of Orthoptera Research, highlights the importance of conservation efforts for this threatened and endemic species.

The mitochondrion, often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell, plays critical roles in cellular function, making it a prime organelle to target for fundamental studies, metabolic engineering, and disease therapies. With only a limited number of existing mitochondrial targeting sequences, a new study from the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology demonstrates the utility of generative artificial intelligence for designing new ones.

At a conference in Washington D.C. in 2000, the secretoglobin super family of proteins was named to classify proteins with structural similarities to its founding member uteroglobin. Now, 25 years later, there is still little known about the basic functions of these proteins, prompting researchers at the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology to dive into their evolutionary origins.

This bioinformatic survey reported that secretoglobins, or SCGBs—originally thought to be exclusive to mammals—are also found in turtles, crocodilians, lizards, and birds. These new findings, published in Genome Biology and Evolution, suggest that these proteins evolved earlier than dinosaurs and share a basic function that is not yet discovered.

Researchers at the UTSA Sleep and Memory Computational Lab are studying how Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep could influence individuals who are regularly exposed to stressful experiences and are at higher risk of developing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

The study, led by UTSA psychology professor Itamar Lerner, involves collaboration with first responders, such as firefighters and law enforcement personnel. The researchers examined their baseline levels of REM sleep, also known as “dream sleep,” and how that could have lasting effects on them over time. 

“Our ongoing hypothesis is that REM sleep affects your ability to process threatening situations in two different ways, based on the predictiveness of the cues associated to the threat,” Lerner said. “Proving that would not only have clinical implications but also tell us something fundamental about the memory processes that occur in the brain and how sleep affects them.”

This research began as a pilot study two years ago. Since then, Lerner has secured a five-year, $725,000 CAREER award from the National Science Foundation for his research. This funding will allow his team to recruit more than 100 participants overall, with nearly 70 participants already enrolled.