Sporadic-E is a phenomenon that occurs in the ionosphere that can disrupt radio communications. Through simulations, researchers have found that rising CO₂ levels in our atmosphere could lead to sporadic-E becoming stronger, occur at lower altitudes, and persist longer at night.

Egyptian paleontologists have discovered the earliest known member of Dyrosauridae — a group of long-snouted, coastal and marine Crocodyliforms— in the Western Desert of Egypt. The new species, Wadisuchus kassabi, lived around 80 million years ago and bridges a crucial fossil gap in the early evolution of marine crocs. The well-preserved skull and jaws, described in The Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, reveal transitional features in the development of the dyrosaurid snout and skull adaptations. The findings point to North Africa — particularly Egypt’s Quseir Formation — as the birthplace of Dyrosauridae before their global expansion following the dinosaur extinction.

Now, a new study published on September 22, 2025, in the open-access journal Carbon Research has cracked part of that code. By tracing the journey of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from riverbanks to estuaries, researchers have uncovered how land-based pollution and changing salinity team up to control the release of potent greenhouse gases—carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O).

Specialized AI models can better emulate short-term and long-term dynamics in the Gulf of Mexico while avoiding “hallucinations” — physically impossible scenarios. These models could soon be deployed for applications like managing port operations, directing ships during bad weather, and monitoring extreme events like hurricanes.