In the first study to consider the long-term evolution of the rivers that flow beneath glaciers, researchers have new insights into the future of Antarctica’s melting ice that may change the way climate scientists predict the effects of a warming planet.

Researchers from the University of Waterloo’s Faculty of Environment led the project that studied Aurora Subglacial Basin and modelled its subglacial hydrology —the flow of water at the base of the ice. They compared drainage systems at various times ranging from 34 million years ago to 75 years from now.

The study focused on how stigma, social background and emotional factors impact white-collar offenders as they transition into society after prison and how modern technology, including social media, intensifies the stigma of imprisonment. While white-collar offenders typically face less difficulty securing employment and housing, due to stronger social networks and resources, they experience heightened anxiety about social stigma, particularly through online exposure. Their middle-class status increases vulnerability to public shaming, leading many to seek mental health support to cope with these challenges.