Chemists have confirmed a 67-year-old theory about vitamin B1 by stabilizing a reactive molecule in water — a feat long thought impossible. The discovery not only solves a biochemical mystery, but also opens the door to greener, more efficient ways of making pharmaceuticals.

Farmers apply nitrogen fertilizers to crops to boost yields, feeding more people and livestock. But when there’s more fertilizer than the crop can take up, some of the excess can be converted into gaseous forms, including nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas that traps nearly 300 times as much heat in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. About 70% of human-caused nitrous oxide comes from agricultural soils, so it’s vital to find ways to curb those emissions.

Bridges, roads, bike lanes, traffic signals, railroads and interstate highways allow millions of people to travel each year, but they are one of the most expensive investments for governments and taxpayers, according to a group of civil and environmental engineering researchers at Penn State.  

Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, has drastically improved the uniformity and speed of metal parts manufacturing, but the printed parts are often plagued with defects, such as pores, that limit their performance. The process also requires an inspection of each part after printing, which can slow down production and limit where parts can be made.  

Christopher Kube, associate professor of engineering science and mechanics in the Penn State College of Engineering, was selected to lead a multidisciplinary team on a two-year, $1 million grant from the Structures Uniquely Resolved to Guarantee Performance (SURGE) program of the federally funded Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to develop a method to detect, measure and localize porosity defects inside 3D-printed metal parts while they are being made.

Another race to space is on, but the competitors aren’t reaching for the moon. Instead, multiple national agencies and private companies across the world are aiming for the edge of Earth’s atmosphere. Launching satellites into this very low Earth orbit (VLEO) environment — the altitude between 60 and 280 miles above Earth — could solve spacecraft crowding in traditional orbits, according to Sven Bilén, Penn State professor of engineering design, of electrical engineering and of aerospace engineering.