The gene editing tool known as CRISPR-Cas9 is changing what’s possible for treating a wide range of diseases caused by genetic mutations. But so far, attempts to use the technology to address brain-based genetic disorders have proved challenging in the lab. Scientists have now discovered why. In a study published in Nature Communications, researchers from Gladstone Institutes, the Innovative Genomics Institute, and UC Berkeley have shown that neurons and other nondividing cells respond differently to CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing than dividing cells.

Out-of-equilibrium states that deviate from thermodynamic equilibrium are crucial not only for biological systems but also for designing synthetic functional materials. Now, researchers from Japan have developed supramolecular 2D nanosheets capable of transforming into dimensionally distinct out-of-equilibrium structures depending on ultraviolet light intensity. This work opens a new avenue for designing advanced adaptive materials that exhibit diverse responses depending on the light energy applied.