Efficient and safe delivery of nucleic acids, proteins, and other biomacromolecules to target tissues in vivo remains a central challenge in gene therapy, cancer immunotherapy, and vaccine development. In vivo electroporation (IVE) offers a non-viral and controllable delivery strategy by transiently increasing cell membrane permeability through short, pulsed electric fields, enabling efficient intracellular transport of therapeutic agents. With recent advances in electrode design, pulse modulation, and intelligent control systems, IVE is rapidly evolving from a laboratory technique toward clinical implementation. These developments have expanded its potential applications in cancer therapy, nucleic acid vaccines, and genome editing, underscoring the need for a systematic and forward-looking overview of this emerging technology.

This study investigates how hunter-gatherer populations in the southern Caucasus survived and adapted between 57,000 and 27,000 years ago. Drawing on archaeological, geological, and environmental, evidence, the researchers reconstructed patterns of mobility, population density, and social interaction across a vast and environmentally diverse region. Uniquely, the study moves beyond the traditional focus on climate and stone tools to examine how social networks functioned as a survival strategy. The findings reveal that despite living in small prehistoric communities, dispersed populations, maintained long-distance connections through the exchange of knowledge, technology, and social ties—networks that may have been just as important as environmental adaptation in helping people endure periods of profound change.

Lineage tracing is a powerful tool to study development, tissue homeostasis, aging, and disease progression. Over the past decades, lineage tracing techniques have progressed substantially by employing new genetic engineering tools. However, due to their invasive nature, these approaches are difficult to apply to humans. Although endogenous DNA mutations can be used for in vivo lineage tracing in humans, their extremely low mutation rate presents substantial technical challenges. Mitochondrial DNA mutations are an alternative, but their inheritance may suffer from neutral drift or undergo both positive and negative selection, and their analysis is plagued by excessive data noise. Thus, developing non-invasive, high-resolution lineage tracing methods for human tissues is crucial.