Researchers at the University of Osaka have developed a new mathematical framework that helps identify optimization problems that can be solved efficiently using optical computing hardware. The approach allows complex, high-dimensional problems to be transformed into forms compatible with spatial photonic Ising machines and can also accelerate computation using fast Fourier transforms. These findings could broaden the applications of optical computing to areas such as logistics, data analysis, and infrastructure optimization.

Scientists have discovered a previously unknown law of geometry that explains why some growing surfaces, whether in nature or engineered materials, suddenly stop being able to stay smooth and instead form dimples and folds. Until now, researchers believed they understood the geometric rules behind these shape changes, but this study reveals a new kind of "geometric frustration" that arises even when all the known rules are satisfied. The finding could reshape how scientists understand the formation of leaves, flowers, tissues and other natural structures, while helping engineers design smarter materials that can deliberately change shape for applications in soft robotics, medicine and advanced manufacturing.