Parental egg-care in fish traps them in an evolutionary dead-end through the loss of the chorion-hardening system, find scientists from the Institute of Science Tokyo. Fish have diverse egg-caring strategies that have independently emerged multiple times across lineages. Comparative whole genome analysis of 240 fish species revealed a strong correlation between loss of the chorion-hardening system and parental egg-care, revealing the mechanisms behind the evolutionary bias that restricts egg-caring fish from becoming non-egg-carers.

Aggressive forms of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain challenging to treat, especially in patients with FLT3-ITD mutations. Researchers from Japan have identified SETD1B as a key epigenetic regulator that promotes leukemia cell growth by promoting MYC activation through H3K4me3 modification. Using laboratory models, they demonstrated that disrupting SETD1B significantly slows cancer cell proliferation. These findings offer promising new avenues for developing therapies against treatment-resistant AML.  

The molecular arrangement of thalidomide in its crystalline form significantly influences its behavior at high temperatures. Comparative analysis of its different crystal forms revealed distinct differences in thermal expansion and molecular motion, driven by symmetry. These findings highlight the critical role of crystal packing in determining solid-state properties and provide a valuable framework for enhancing the stability and performance of pharmaceuticals through targeted crystal engineering strategies.

A groundbreaking study led by a global research consortium offers new hope for patients with mycetoma, a neglected tropical disease. Researchers using an insect model and transcriptome analysis have unravelled the mechanism of iron regulation between host tissue and the mycetoma grain, a fungal mass characteristic of the disease. This discovery illuminates how the causative fungus invades and develops these protective grains within subcutaneous tissue, paving the way for new drug development and less invasive treatment strategies beyond surgical removal, potentially reducing the burden on patients significantly.

It’s common knowledge that preventing diabetes decreases the chance of mortality. But even within those with “normal” blood glucose levels, is there an optimal number for reducing the risk of other diseases such as heart disease or cancer? A small farming community in the Tohoku region may have provided medical researchers with the clues they have been looking for. 

A new study by a research group led by Dr. Keisuke Obara, Dr. Kento Yoshioka, and Professor Yoshio Tanaka from the Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University has revealed that gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), a fatty acid commonly found in plant oils such as evening primrose and borage, can directly relax constricted coronary arteries by blocking a key receptor involved in blood vessel contraction. This discovery offers promising implications for the prevention of coronary spasms and angina.

To address rising depressive symptoms among high school students, researchers in Japan have developed a year-long intervention called the Mastery of Interpersonal Relationships and Emotional Skills program. Tested among 120 part-time high school students, the program significantly reduced the progression of depressive symptoms in frequent participants. By integrating key emotional and social skill training into the school environment, the program offers a practical and scalable model for universal mental health prevention in high school settings.

This work marks the first practical use of boson sampling, long seen as a key demonstration of quantum computing’s potential to outperform classical methods.

The researchers used computer simulations to model a quantum optical experiment that recognizes images using just three photons, successfully identifying images from several well-known datasets.

This paves the way towards future applications of quantum AI in complex image recognition, and represents a step toward low-resource, energy-efficient quantum computing.

A Japanese research team has harnessed the unique microgravity environment aboard the International Space Station (ISS) to elucidate, for the first time, the detailed structure of amyloid β fibrils bearing the Tottori-type familial mutation (D7N), a rare variant linked to Alzheimer's disease. This space-based breakthrough not only enabled structural analysis that is difficult on Earth but also provides new insights into how disease-related mutations affect fibril formation—paving the way for new therapeutic strategies.