Metal halide perovskites, owing to their remarkable optoelectronic properties and broad application prospects, have emerged as a research hotspot in materials science and photovoltaics. In addressing challenges related to energy loss, photoelectric conversion efficiency, and operational stability in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), various strategies have been proposed, such as improving perovskite crystallization, developing tandem architectures, and advancing interfacial engineering. However, the specific impact of these approaches on internal energy transfer and conversion mechanisms within PSCs remains insufficiently understood. This review systematically examines the relationship between energy and perovskite materials throughout the photon absorption to charge carrier transport process, with particular focus on key strategies for minimizing energy losses and their underlying influence on energy-level alignment-especially in the electron transport layer and hole transport layer. It summarizes optimal absorption conditions and contributing factors during energy transfer, alongside representative case studies of high-performing systems. By elucidating these mechanisms, this work offers valuable theoretical insights for optimizing energy-level alignment, reducing energy dissipation, and guiding experimental design in PSCs research.

Although three-dimensional metal halide perovskites are promising candidates for direct X-ray detection, the ion migration of perovskites seriously affects the detector stability. Herein, face-/edge-shared 3D heterometallic glycinate hybrid perovskitoid Pb₂CuGly₂X₄ (Gly = -O₂C-CH₂-NH₂; X = Cl, Br) single crystals (SCs), in which the adjacent lead halide layers are linked by large-sized Cu(Gly)₂ pillars, are synthesized in water. The Cu(Gly)₂ pillars in combination with face-/edge-shared inorganic skeleton are found able to synergistically suppress the ion migration, delivering a high ion migration activation energy (E_a) of 1.06 eV. The Pb₂CuGly₂Cl₄ SC X-ray detector displays extremely low dark current drift of 1.20 × 10^–9 nA mm⁻¹ s⁻¹ V⁻¹ under high electric field (120 V mm⁻¹) and continuous X-ray irradiation (2.86 Gy), and a high sensitivity of 9,250 μC Gy⁻¹ cm⁻² is also achieved. More excitingly, the Pb₂CuGly₂Cl₄ nanocrystal can be easily dispersed in water and directly blade-coated on thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate, and the obtained Pb₂CuGly₂Cl₄-based TFT array detector offers an X-ray imaging capability with spatial resolution of 2.2 lp mm⁻¹.

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