Symptoms of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), range from asymptomatic to life-threatening, affecting the respiratory system and many other organs, and involved in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, particularly its viral entry, is the enzyme transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). In response, in this study, polymorphisms in the TMPRSS2 gene (rs2070788 and rs12329760) were examined for their association with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in Jordanians. The study participants (n = 861) included 427 individuals who had never contracted COVID-19 (control group) and 434 who had experienced the disease (case group). The case group was subsequently divided into two subgroups: severe (n = 166) and non-severe (n = 268) COVID-19. The results show that rs2070788 is associated with disease susceptibility in all inheritance models (P < 0.05), as well as an association between rs12329760 and COVID-19 disease severity in both the dominant and over-dominant models (P < 0.05). Further, a higher body mass index (BMI) and older age were associated with disease severity (p < 0.05), though females were less likely to develop severe COVID-19 and to be hospitalized. In conclusion, polymorphisms in the TMPRSS2 gene may be considered a potential predictor of COVID-19 outcomes in the Jordanian population. The study findings could be used to manage similar viral infections in Jordan in the future.

Vaccines protect most people from serious illness, but the strength of that protection can vary considerably from one person to another. Some people produce a robust immune response, while others respond only weakly.

A new study led by Arizona State University helps us understand why. Before a vaccine ever enters your body, your immune system may already hold clues to how strongly it will respond.

In blood samples from more than 4,000 people, ASU researchers and their colleagues measured antibodies against 185 antigens—targets recognized by the immune system, including those from common viruses and bacteria as well as targets associated with autoimmune diseases. 

They then used artificial intelligence to analyze patterns in samples collected before and after COVID-19 vaccination, identifying antibody signatures that helped distinguish strong vaccine responders from weak ones.

The research opens a possible path toward more personalized vaccination strategies.

Ryonosuke Akimoto, a graduate student at The University of Tokyo (who conducted this research at Aoyama Gakuin University), and Associate Professor Yuji Ogihara at Aoyama Gakuin University have revealed that the extraversion of Japanese people declined from 2010 to 2021 (Figure 1).

In Japanese media and social commentary, it has frequently been pointed out that Japanese people are becoming more "inward-looking." However, the extent to which it reflects an actual psychological shift in personality traits among the Japanese population has not been adequately examined. Therefore, an empirical examination was required.

In this study, we comprehensively collected previous research that measured the extraversion of Japanese participants. We statistically controlled for attributes such as participants' age and gender, and analyzed the trends over a 12-year period.

As a result, it became clear that the extraversion of Japanese people has consistently declined in recent years. This downward trend occurred equally in both men and women, and the extent of change was similar between them. Furthermore, we conducted an analysis limited to data up to 2019 to account for the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This analysis also confirmed a similar decline. These findings provide empirical evidence for the long-standing discourse of an "inward-looking" trend among Japanese people.

A research team has computationally designed a synthetic peptide that enables modular detection of the enzymatic activity of coronavirus 3C-like protease (3CLPro), an enzyme essential for viral replication and maturation. 

Positive-strand RNA viruses extensively remodel the cellular endomembrane system to form specialized viral replication organelles (ROs). Coronaviruses generate double membrane vesicles (DMVs) that function as platforms for viral RNA (vRNA) synthesis and protect vRNA from detection by the host innate immune system. Coronaviruses hijack the host GBF1-ARF1-COPI vesicle transport pathway to utilize Golgi-derived membranes for promoting DMV formation.

Optimal containment measures exhibit a clear threshold depending on the severity of the disease