All our cells have a self-cleaning system known as autophagy, which degrade unwanted materials. And now researchers from Aarhus University have found an important “switch” regulating this key process. A find that could lead to ways to prevent and eventually treat illnesses such as dementia, ALS and cancer.

A study led by researchers from the University of Michigan showed that targeting CDK12 and a related gene, CDK13, strongly activates the stimulator of interferon genes, or STING, signaling pathway, enhancing the effectiveness of immunotherapies.

Researchers from Helmholtz Munich, the Technical University of Munich (TUM), and the Medical University of Vienna have developed an advanced imaging technique called "O2E" that allows clinics to detect cancerous lesions in the esophagus with unprecedented precision. Published in Nature Biomedical Engineering, the study demonstrates that this innovative endoscopy technology reveals even the smallest pathological tissue changes, significantly improving early detection and diagnosis.

Lactic acid (LA) has transitioned from being perceived as a mere glycolytic waste product to a pivotal regulator of tumor–immune crosstalk. Historical milestones—from Scheele’s 1780 isolation from sour milk to Zhao’s 2019 discovery of histone lactylation—reveal an expanding biochemical repertoire that now encompasses pH control, G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR81/132) signaling, post-translational modification via lysine lactylation, and multi-directional metabolic shuttling between cytoplasm, mitochondria, and neighboring cells. Within the tumor microenvironment (TME), high glycolytic flux exports lactate and protons through monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), acidifying the extracellular milieu to ~6.5–6.8. This acidity degrades extracellular matrix, blunts drug uptake, and, via protonation, neutralizes weak-base chemotherapeutics. Cancer cells exploit the same molecule as fuel: MCT1-mediated uptake drives tricarboxylic acid cycle oxidation, NADPH generation via IDH1, and lactylation of DNA-repair proteins NBS1 and MRE11, enhancing genomic stability and chemoresistance. Concurrently, GPR81-cAMP-PKA-TAZ/TEAD signaling elevates PD-L1 expression, facilitating immune escape.

HOXB13, a B-class homeobox transcription factor, sits at the hub of developmental gene networks yet has emerged as a double-edged sword in human cancer. While indispensable for embryonic patterning and androgen-dependent organogenesis, its expression is frequently hijacked or extinguished by epigenetic, mutational and post-translational events that drive tumour initiation, progression and therapy resistance. Across more than twenty malignancies, the protein acts as either oncogene or tumour suppressor, depending on tissue context, interacting partners and mutational status.

Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre researchers have found a critical link between having two types of polyps, common growths found in the bowel, and an increased risk of developing cancer, according to a new study published in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (CGH) journal.

The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has significantly improved the efficacy of cancer therapy, but their associated immune-related adverse events (irAEs) can severely compromise treatment safety. This review systematically summarizes the core mechanisms underlying irAEs, which include multi-organ damage resulting from T-cell dysfunction, B-cell-mediated autoantibody abnormalities, cytokine network dysregulation, and monocyte-driven inflammatory cascades. Identified risk factors encompass a range of elements, including host clinical characteristics and underlying diseases, gut microbiota dysbiosis, characteristics of the treatment regimen, tumor type and its histological features, genetic factors and immunogenetic polymorphisms, pre-existing autoimmune conditions or a history of autoimmunity, and a history of previous exposures alongside various environmental factors. The grading criteria, their clinical context and incidence rates, and clinical management strategies for irAEs affecting various organ systems are detailed herein. Future research should aim to deeply analyze the shared mechanisms and temporal dynamics between irAEs and anti-tumor effects, develop targeted irAE prediction and monitoring systems, and optimize strategies for irAE prevention and treatment.