Clinical visits by patients suffering ocular surface eye conditions more than doubled during times when ambient particulate matter from air pollution was in the atmosphere, signaling a possible association between climate change and ocular health, according to a new study from the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.

A healthy brain balances “activate” and “inhibit” signaling in its neural microcircuitry, with the inhibitory signaling often provided by cell receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA.

 

Unexpected variations in composition or relative arrangement of the subunits that make up these receptors, called Type-A GABA receptors (GABA_ARs), may provide new layers of regulation to fine-tune the inhibitory tone, according to research led by Andrija Sente of the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, who now works at InstaDeep.

 

For this glimpse at the atomic structure of GABA_ARs, their diversity, and for structural insights into the long-sought mechanism of receptor assembly, Sente is the grand prize winner in cell and molecular biology of the 2024 Science & SciLifeLab Prize for Young Scientists.

 

Sente’s research used cryogenic electron microscopy to reveal the molecular structure of GABA_A receptors formed by various subunit combinations. He and his colleagues found that these subunits can assemble in unique ways, creating or removing sites where natural molecules or drugs can bind. They also discovered that a single neuron can assemble structurally and functionally distinct receptors to respond to combinations of neurotransmitter signals, Sente writes in his prizewinning essay published Nov. 15 in Science.

 

GABA_ARs are already targeted by drugs to treat anxiety, seizures and during general anesthesia. But the new research highlights how specific subunit combinations may create previously unrecognized receptor types, underscoring the need to account for these variations in drug development to avoid unintended binding sites. “To improve therapies that target GABA_A receptors, we really need to understand how these receptors are made in the cell,” Sente said.

 

When the neurotransmitter GABA binds to a GABAaR on a signal-receiving neuron, the receiving neuron becomes less active or inhibited. GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, said Sente. “In addition, the roles of GABAaRs are increasingly recognized in peripheral systems, for example in pancreatic and immune signals or in the brain-to-gut communication.”

 

GABAaRs are made up of 19 molecular subunits, and different structures produced by different combinations of these subunits lead to different functions of the receptor. Researchers previously thought there might be about 800 different receptor types. With new information gleaned from their research, such as the importance of the relative arrangement of subunits, Sente and colleagues calculated there could be as many as 324, 727 possible receptor structures.

 

“I think it is important here to distinguish two related but different questions: which receptors can be assembled, and which do get assembled under physiological conditions,” Sente said.

 

“In neurons and other tissues expressing GABAaRs, assembly is constrained by a number of factors,” he explained. “For example, subunit expression is developmentally programmed, as well as tissue- and cell-type specific. It is also possible that in some cases certain subunits never ‘meet’ each other as they are translated in different parts of the cell.”

Sente said the assembly of different GABAaRs could be dynamically adjusted, possibly through mechanisms that regulate the production of specific subunits at the neuronal synapse.

There are known cases of longer-term adjustment in GABAaRs signaling, he added. Levels of the hormone progesterone increase during pregnancy and make GABA activate certain GABAaRs more efficiently. To maintain the balance between activation and inhibition, neurons somehow—Sente said the mechanism is unclear—reduce the number of GABAaRs containing a subunit that is sensitive to progesterone.

These receptor numbers usually rebound after pregnancy, but if they are slow to recover, they can cause an activation-inhibition imbalance that is thought be connected to postpartum depression.

“These insights have inspired one of the better examples of rational drug design in psychiatry: the development of brexanolone, a progesterone analog, which shows remarkable efficacy in treating postpartum depression,” Sente said.

Similar adaptations also result from chronic drug use. A deeper understanding of these adaptation pathways may allow the design therapeutics that do not induce tolerance or dependence. As a first step toward this goal, Sente and his colleagues determined the structure of a partially assembled GABA_AR bound to the assembly factor NACHO, offering the first glimpse into the mysterious process of GABA_AR assembly.

These findings are timely, given the growing interest in targeting receptor-associated proteins therapeutically rather than the receptors themselves. For instance, this research could help selectively enhance the neuronal expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (whose assembly is also mediated via NACHO). Such an approach may offer new therapeutic avenues for Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, where the loss of these receptors has been documented.

The Science & SciLifeLab Prize for Young Scientists acknowledges that global economic health is dependent upon a vibrant research community that needs to incentivize the best and brightest to continue in their chosen fields of research, as they begin their scientific careers.

 

2024 FINALISTS:

 

Gabriele Casirati is a molecular medicine finalist for his essay, “To target, to escape, perchance to cure.” Casirati received his medicine degree from Università degli Studi di Milano and completed his hematology residency at Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele. In 2020 he joined Dana-Farber Cancer Institute as a research fellow and, in 2023, he received a Ph.D. in molecular and translational medicine from Università Milano-Bicocca. He is a senior postdoctoral fellow at Boston Children's Hospital. His research focuses on immune engineering strategies to enhance targeted immunotherapies for hematological malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Sabrina Rondeau is an ecology and environment finalist for her essay, “Digging below the surface.” Rondeau received an undergraduate degree from the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, an M.Sc. from the Université Laval, and a Ph.D. from the University of Guelph. She is a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Ottawa. Her research explores the far-reaching consequences of human activities on wild pollinators, including agricultural intensification, pesticide use and climate change.

Jarrod Shilts is a genomics, proteomics and systems biology finalist for his essay, “How to build a human.” Shilts received an undergraduate degree from Vanderbilt University and a Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge. He then transitioned to a spin-out biotechnology company specializing in the kinds of difficult-to-express proteins he worked with during his doctoral degree. The research group he leads develops technologies to advance the production of new therapeutic proteins.

Without intervention, global plastic waste could double by 2050, a new machine learning study predicts. However, according to simulations by the study’s authors, a mix of policy interventions could cut plastic waste by more than 90% and it could cut plastics-related emissions by a third. With UN treaty negotiations underway, these findings provide a crucial blueprint for tackling the plastic crisis. Plastic production has increased relentlessly for decades, leading to surging plastic waste generation and environmental mismanagement. As plastic degrades, it fragments into micro- and nano-plastics, which harm ecosystems globally – from the Arctic to deep ocean habitats – and pose significant health risks, including heightened cancer risks, cardiovascular disease, and reproductive issues. The plastic lifecycle also intensifies climate change through emissions from oil and gas extraction, production, and waste processing. The disproportionate plastic waste burden on the Global South and the frequency of situating plastic facilities near marginalized communities have sparked pressing environmental justice concerns. Recently, there has been global momentum to address these issues, culminating in a 2022 United Nations resolution to negotiate a legally binding treaty to curb plastic pollution.

 

To help in this effort, Samuel Pottinger and colleagues developed a novel machine learning model to forecast trends in global plastic production, trade, and waste management to 2050. They also simulated the effects of eight plausible policy interventions to mitigate waste and emissions. Pottinger et al. found that, without interventions, annual mismanaged plastic waste is anticipated to almost double by 2050, reaching 121 million metric tons. Concurrently, annual greenhouse gas emissions from the global plastic system are projected to rise by 37% over the same period. However, the authors also show that a combined policy intervention approach involving a production cap, recycling mandate, packaging tax, and infrastructure investment could reduce mismanaged plastic waste by up to 91% and decrease 2050 plastics-related emissions by about a third. “Collectively, these observations provide timely insight into how to maximize the impact of the UN plastic pollution treaty both as it is being drafted and over the longer time horizon of its implementation,” write Pottinger et al. “It is clear from these results that, with sufficient political will, there is enough technical potential to dramatically reduce mismanaged plastic waste and meaningfully address some of the more insidious associated issues.”

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time, and the European Union has set itself ambitious targets to become climate-neutral by 2050. A new policy paper from the Cluster of Excellence "The Politics of Inequality" at the University of Konstanz now shows that acceptance of EU climate policy strongly depends on the inclusion of social policy measures.

Planktonic foraminifera are tiny marine organisms, which are essential to the ocean's carbon cycle. A recent study conducted by the CEREGE research center in Aix-en-Provence,  Aix-Marseille University, the Center for the Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity (CESAB) in Montpellier, and the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz, reveals that these populations are shrinking at an alarming rate due to ocean warming and acidification. Elevated CO₂ levels and thus acidifying waters are making it harder for these single-cell organisms to form their shells, putting their survival at risk. Some foraminifera have begun migrating to cooler waters in an attempt to adapt, but environmental changes are occurring faster than they can keep up with.