Chronic inflammation occurs when the immune system is stuck in attack-mode, sending cell after cell to defend and repair the body for months or even years. Diseases associated with chronic inflammation, like arthritis or cancer or autoimmune disorders, weigh heavily on human health—and experts anticipate their incidence is on the rise. A new study by investigators from Mass General Brigham identified a protein called WSTF that could be targeted to block chronic inflammation. Crucially, this strategy would not interfere with acute inflammation, allowing the immune system to continue responding appropriately to short-term threats, such as viral or bacterial infection. Results are published in Nature.

Scientists at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and their colleagues at the University of California, San Diego, have found that fine-particulate air pollution, which includes pollution from vehicles and industry, was strongly associated with increased genomic changes in lung cancer tumors among people who have never smoked. By assembling the largest-ever whole-genome analysis of lung cancer in individuals who have never smoked, researchers were able to link air pollution exposure to increased cancer-driving and cancer-promoting genetic mutations. This could potentially lead to more prevention strategies for never-smokers.

A team led by researchers at Baylor College of Medicine and Washington University School of Medicine has shed light on the process that drives Barrett’s esophagus formation. This condition affects the lining of the esophagus – the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach – and increases the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, a serious and often deadly cancer.

The study reveals that two important genes involved in guiing and maintaining the identity of the esophagus and intestine, SOX2 and CDX2, are altered in Barrett’s esophagus. The findings not only deepen our understanding of how the disease develops but also open the door to new ways of identifying people at risk and potentially preventing the condition from progressing to cancer.

Advanced treatments, known as immunotherapies that activate T cells—our body's immune cells—to eliminate cancer cells, have shown limited efficacy as standalone therapies for glioblastoma, the most lethal form of brain tumor. This is due to their minimal response to glioblastoma and high resistance to treatment.