Glypican-3 (GPC3) has emerged as a promising immunotherapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its variable expression—absent or low in 10–30% of patients—limits broad applicability, necessitating reliable pre-therapeutic GPC3 testing. This review offers a concise overview of GPC3-targeted clinical developments and detection techniques, comparing their strengths and limitations. By aligning detection strategies with disease stages and therapy types, we aim to enhance patient selection and treatment outcomes, establishing a practical framework for integrating GPC3 diagnostics into targeted HCC therapy.

Hypoxia, or low oxygen in the body, is common in solid tumors. Now, researchers have identified that an RNA molecule, EUDAL, enables oral cancer cells to resist chemotherapy by keeping a growth receptor permanently switched on under low-oxygen conditions. This drives autophagy, a cellular process that helps tumors evade treatment. These findings suggest that EUDAL is both a warning sign for poor treatment response and a potential therapeutic target, offering new hope against stubborn cancers.