image: (Left) Schematic illustration of the micropipette aspiration method used to quantify the mechanical properties of artificial cells. (Right) Relationship between stretching elasticity (area expansion modulus) and bending resistance (bending-related term) for artificial cells with different lipid compositions and membrane-associated DNA nanostructures. Artificial cells composed solely of lipid membranes or coated with isolated Y-shaped DNA nanostructures (Y0) follow the classical scaling relationship (solid line). In contrast, cells decorated with interconnected DNA networks (Y4) exhibit enhanced bending resistance and deviate from the scaling law, revealing that lipid geometry controls stretching elasticity, whereas three-dimensional DNA nanostructures selectively enhance bending resistance.
Credit: Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
What if the mechanical properties of a cell could be programmed like the components of a machine?
Researchers at the University of Tokyo have discovered that two fundamental modes of cellular deformation, stretching and bending, can be independently controlled using different molecular building blocks. The finding provides a new strategy for engineering artificial cells, drug-delivery capsules, and adaptive soft materials with precisely tailored mechanical functions.
Miho Yanagisawa, an associate professor at the University of Tokyo, and Kazutoshi Masuda, a PhD student, developed a new framework for dissecting the mechanics of artificial cells. Using lipid-coated microdroplets as simplified cell models, they combined micropipette aspiration experiments with a theoretical model that separates membrane mechanics into stretching and bending contributions. The approach successfully captured nonlinear deformation behaviors that conventional models could not explain.
The researchers found that lipid molecular geometry primarily determines membrane stretching elasticity. In contrast, when Y-shaped DNA motifs were interconnected to form a three-dimensional network, they created a nanoscale scaffold that dramatically enhanced resistance to bending, while leaving stretching elasticity largely unchanged.
The study reveals a clear division of mechanical labor at the molecular level: lipids govern stretching, whereas three-dimensional DNA networks govern bending. Rather than simply making artificial cells stiffer or softer, the work demonstrates that distinct mechanical functions can be independently programmed through molecular design.
The findings establish a blueprint for engineering artificial cells, drug-delivery carriers, and next-generation soft materials with tailored mechanical properties. More broadly, they bring researchers closer to the construction of biomimetic systems whose mechanical behaviors can be designed from the bottom up.
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About The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo
The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, is affiliated with the College of Arts and Sciences. The College’s Junior Division educates first- and second-year undergraduates, offering cutting-edge instruction across the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Building on this interdisciplinary foundation, the Senior Division supports third- and fourth-year students as they pursue broader academic interests, while the Graduate School advances innovative research.Find out more at https://www.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/eng_site/ .
Journal
Small Science
Article Title
Programming Nonlinear Interfacial Mechanics of Synthetic Cells: Lipid Geometry and DNA Nanostructures
Article Publication Date
16-Jun-2026