image: Pterosaur is the first group of vertebrates with powered flight. It originated in the Late Triassic and became extinct with dinosaurs (excluding birds) at the end of the Cretaceous. Various diets of pterosaurs were proposed using different interpretations, such as content fossils and comparative anatomy. However, the understanding of the diets of many pterosaurs have still been on debate, which is mainly because of the rarity of stomach content found in pterosaurs. In this paper, the researchers found an elliptical content in the stomach position of a Sinopterus specimen. They extracted more than 300 phytoliths from the stomach content but none from the matrix of the same specimen. This demonstrates that these phytoliths, firstly appeared in pterosaurs, were eaten by this Sinopterus rather than any pollution after its death. Phytolith is a microstructure produced by all kinds of plants, and it varies among different plants and different positions of the same individual. Besides the phytoliths, many gastroliths (stones within the body cavity) were also discovered in the stomach content, which is the second pterosaur specimen with gastroliths. The combination of phytoliths and gastroliths, without any bones, scales or exoskeletons, strongly suggest that Sinopterus is herbivorous.
Credit: ©Science China Press
翼龙是最早具备主动飞行能力的脊椎动物类群,起源于晚三叠世,并于白垩纪末期与非鸟恐龙一同灭绝。长久以来,古生物学家对这些空中霸主的食性提出了各种假说:吃虫、捕鱼、滤食,亦或者是以植物为食?为了回答这一问题研究者通过各种途径,如骨骼形态、功能分析,食物残留等,然而仅有一两个翼龙类型在食性上能达成一致。要解决这些争议,包括胃容物在内的食物残留是最重要的直接证据,不过目前已经报道的保留有胃容物的翼龙仅有6件,除了一件三叠纪的真双型齿翼龙之外,其他都是来自侏罗纪的喙嘴龙,胃容物也主要以鱼类残留为主。这才造成了如今大多数翼龙食性的各种争议。近期在Science Bulletin上发表的研究就首次为翼龙的植食性提供了化石证据。
研究团队在一件中国翼龙的标本上发现一个长约7.7厘米的胃容物。通过针对平板化石的CT扫描,发现这一胃容物介于肋骨和腹膜肋之间,这一现象证明了这个胃容物是原位保存的。通过CT扫描在这个胃容物中发现了大量的小颗粒的胃石,并且通过取样,提取出了超过300个的植硅体。植硅体是在植物生长过程中形成的以二氧化硅为主的显微结构,不同的植物或者同一植株的不同部位都可能产生具有不同形态的植硅体。这一发现是首次在翼龙中提取出植硅体,同时也是在翼龙中保存有胃石的第二件标本。
为了证明中国翼龙的植食性,还需要排除其他潜在的可能性。首先,研究团队对围岩进行了同样的植硅体提取,但是并没有提取出任何植硅体,这排除了胃容物中植硅体是埋藏过程或者是现代污染造成的可能性。如果翼龙是以其他植食性生物为食,那么在其胃中找到植硅体也是有可能的。不过鉴于翼龙类似于鸟类的快速代谢,如果以其他脊椎动物为食,会在胃容物中留下骨骼或者鳞片;如果以外骨骼较厚的昆虫为食,类似于现代鸟类,也会留下昆虫外骨骼的碎片,但是这些在胃容物中都没有发现。如果以外骨骼较薄的无脊椎动物为食,例如很多植食性的幼虫,那么就与胃容物后部大量的小颗粒胃石产生了矛盾。因为食虫类生物的胃石通常是被认为用来研磨无脊椎动物的外骨骼,而这些外骨骼较薄的无脊椎动物显然也不需要这么多胃石来帮助消化,所以以外骨骼较薄的无脊椎动物为食的可能性也基本排除。同时对与中国翼龙具有很近亲缘关系的古神翼龙的头骨强度和咬合力的研究也支持其为植食性。所以,综上所述,这些植硅体就是直接来自于中国翼龙的直接食物,这些胃石则是帮助其研磨这些食物的。
Journal
Science Bulletin