Peptide nanotubes to overcome chemotherapy resistance

A research team at CiQUS (University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain) has unveiled an innovative molecular approach that enables anticancer drugs to reach the nucleus of tumour cells, where they can exert their therapeutic effect. The study focused on doxorubicin, a widely used chemotherapy agent. Prolonged exposure to this drug often leads to the emergence of resistant cells, a major clinical challenge that this strategy successfully overcomes while preserving the drug’s antitumour activity.

The approach builds on a simple but powerful concept: the ability of cyclic peptides —small amino acid rings— to stack and self-assemble into hollow cylindrical structures (nanotubes) on the surface of cancer cell membranes. The system, developed by the team led by Juan R. Granja, couples doxorubicin to these peptides and directs it to the cell nucleus through a delivery pathway that differs from the drug’s usual mechanism. This allows the drug to bypass the cellular resistance mechanisms that would normally deactivate it.

Compared with healthy cells, cancer cell membranes contain higher levels of negatively charged lipids. The cyclic peptides used in this study display a strong affinity for these anionic surfaces, facilitating their interaction with tumour cells. As a result, the peptide–drug conjugates enter resistant cells and travel towards the nucleus, where doxorubicin intercalates with DNA to trigger its cytotoxic effect.

Experimental studies confirmed that the chemical structure of the cyclic peptide is key to the formation of stable nanotubes, which in turn enhances their ability to penetrate malignant cells. The work, published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, was carried out at CiQUS, a research centre recognised as a CIGUS by the Xunta de Galicia and supported by the European Union through the Galicia FEDER Programme 2021–2027.

Drug resistance remains one of the main obstacles in cancer therapy. Many tumours develop mechanisms to actively expel drugs, greatly limiting the efficacy of available treatments. In this context, cyclic peptides act as highly efficient delivery vehicles, capable of introducing doxorubicin into cells that would normally reject it.

By combining selectivity, efficient transport, and controlled drug release, this strategy paves the way for new combination chemotherapies in which peptide-based nanotechnology could become a powerful ally against cancer. The authors hope this approach will inspire the development of new therapeutic strategies targeting hard-to-treat tumours.