image: A depiction of the paradigm used to assess whether witnessing familiar peers or unfamiliar strangers fight for 10 min leads to aggression 30 min later. Only after watching familiar peers attack do male mice display aggression themselves, which is mediated by activation of medial amygdala neurons.
Credit: Jacob Nordman via BioRender.
People who repeatedly observe aggression have a higher likelihood of engaging in violent behavior later in life. In a new JNeurosci paper, Jacob Nordman and colleagues, from Southern University of Illinois School of Medicine, used mice to explore the environmental factors and neural mechanisms that lead to the aggression that witnesses later acquire.
In a behavioral paradigm created by this research group, mice observed known peers or unfamiliar strangers attack intruder mice. Only male witnesses later displayed increased aggression themselves, and this happened only after watching familiar peers attack intruders.
What neural mechanism might be driving this behavior in the bystander males? As male mice behaved in the paradigm, the researchers recorded activity from neurons in a part of the amygdala that is implicated in aggression priming. Elaborating on this, says Nordman, “We previously found that these neurons are involved in an ‘aggression priming’ effect, meaning that being a perpetrator of an attack increases the likelihood of attacking again. For example, imagine getting in an argument with a coworker or family member. Afterwords, your agitation and frustration make you more likely to have another outburst.” The researchers theorized that these neurons might be active in male witnesses observing violent peers because the familiarity makes them mirror their friends’ own aggression priming. Indeed, these neurons were active in males as they saw familiar—but not unfamiliar—attacks. Notably, artificially inhibiting these neurons suppressed later aggression after witnessing peers, and activating these neurons while males watched violent strangers promoted attacking behavior in observers later.
These findings shed light on aggression learned via observation, suggesting that not only proximity, but also familiarity of attackers may be risk factors for behaving violently later, at least in males. According to the authors, this neural mechanism could inform the development of neural and behavioral treatment interventions for learned violence.
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About JNeurosci
JNeurosci was launched in 1981 as a means to communicate the findings of the highest quality neuroscience research to the growing field. Today, the journal remains committed to publishing cutting-edge neuroscience that will have an immediate and lasting scientific impact, while responding to authors' changing publishing needs, representing breadth of the field and diversity in authorship.
About The Society for Neuroscience
The Society for Neuroscience is the world's largest organization of scientists and physicians devoted to understanding the brain and nervous system. The nonprofit organization, founded in 1969, now has nearly 35,000 members in more than 95 countries.
Journal
JNeurosci
Article Title
Familiarity Gates Socially Transmitted Aggression Via the Medial Amygdala
Article Publication Date
8-Sep-2025
COI Statement
The authors declare no competing financial interests.