Reminders can eliminate age-related decline in memory

A new study from UT Arlington reveals that setting reminders can eliminate some age-related declines in memory. The findings offer a significant breakthrough in addressing the cognitive challenges faced by older adults, particularly in the context of prospective memory, which is the ability to remember to perform an intended action at the right moment, like taking medication or attending appointments.

“Prospective memory is essential for daily living and maintaining independence, especially as people age,” said Hunter Ball, associate professor of psychology at UTA and lead author of the study. “Failing to remember these forward-looking tasks can lead to serious consequences, and previous research has shown that prospective memory tends to decline with age.”

Conducted with psychologists at UTA and Arizona State University, the study involved two experiments that tested prospective memory performance in younger and older adults under varying conditions with or without the aid of reminders. Participants were asked to remember specific tasks while completing ongoing activities, and their performance was measured in both high-load (more items to remember) and low-load conditions (fewer items to remember).

In the first experiment, participants were given specific tasks to remember, such as responding to certain words, and some were provided with reminders displayed on-screen. The results showed no significant age-related decline in prospective memory without reminders under low load, but under high load, both younger and older adults benefitted equally from using reminders. This suggests that reminders can help reduce cognitive strain by making memory retrieval less reliant on internal memory processes.

The second experiment introduced more complex, nonspecific tasks that required participants to recognize categories, such as animals or fruits, rather than specific words. Older adults experienced more difficulties in remembering these nonspecific tasks under high memory load without reminders, but these age-related performance gaps were eliminated entirely when reminders were available. This finding was critical as it highlighted the potential for reminders to counteract the deficits associated with more cognitively demanding tasks that typically strain older adults' memories.

Ball and his colleagues suggest that the effectiveness of reminders for older adults stems from their increased tendency to check reminders more frequently when faced with high cognitive demands. This compensatory behavior likely helps older adults manage tasks that would otherwise be too taxing on their internal memory resources.

The study’s implications extend beyond the laboratory, as prospective memory is a crucial cognitive function in real-life settings. As the population ages, finding practical solutions to memory problems is becoming increasingly important. The authors highlight that digital tools like smartphone apps, personal assistants like Amazon Alexa, or even simple reminder notes can serve as valuable aids for older adults in managing their daily tasks effectively and maintaining their independence.

“This new study demonstrates that cognitive offloading, specifically using reminders like cell phone calendars, can effectively mitigate these declines,” said Ball. “While our study was conducted in a controlled setting, these findings can easily be applied in real-world environments as a way to provide easy and effective way to alleviate the burden of prospective memory challenges in older adults.”

***

Grants from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences and National Institutes of Health supported this research.

About The University of Texas at Arlington (UTA)

Located in the heart of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, The University of Texas at Arlington is a comprehensive teaching, research, and public service institution dedicated to the advancement of knowledge through scholarship and creative work. With an enrollment of approximately 41,000 students, UT Arlington is the second-largest institution in the UT System. UTA’s combination of outstanding academics and innovative research contributes to its designation as a Carnegie R-1 “Very High Research Activity” institution, a significant milestone of excellence. The University is designated as a Hispanic Serving-Institution and an Asian American Native American Pacific Islander-Serving Institution by the U.S. Department of Education and has earned the Seal of Excelencia for its commitment to accelerating Latino student success. The University ranks as the No. 1 national public university in the U.S. for veterans (Military Times, 2024), No. 4 in Texas for advancing social mobility (U.S. News & World Report, 2025), and No. 6 in the United States for its undergraduate ethnic diversity (U.S. News & World Report, 2025). UT Arlington’s approximately 270,000 alumni occupy leadership positions at many of the 21 Fortune 500 companies headquartered in North Texas and contribute to the University’s $28.8 billion annual economic impact on Texas.