Fecal, blood, and urinary biomarkers in inflammatory bowel diseases

The global burden of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), primarily Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), continues to rise. Recent data show incidence rates of up to 17.8 cases per 100,000 person-years for CD and even higher for UC, reaching 28.4 per 100,000 person-years. These diseases primarily affect older populations and vary geographically, with higher prevalence rates in highly developed countries. Currently, endoscopic assessment through ileo-colonoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosing and monitoring IBD. However, this approach is invasive and often has limited availability, leading to long waiting times for patients. Consequently, the search for non-invasive biomarkers of disease activity has gained significant importance.

Biomarkers in IBD

Biomarkers are measurable compounds or substances that can be quantitatively evaluated in biological samples such as blood, urine, tissue, or feces. Recent research has focused on developing biomarkers that can assess disease activity, predict disease course, and monitor therapeutic response in IBD patients. The most relevant biomarkers studied include fecal calprotectin (FC) and C-reactive protein (CRP).

Fecal Calprotectin (FC)

FC is a cytosolic calcium and zinc-binding protein expressed by neutrophils and other immune cells. It is a stable protein that can persist in feces for up to a week, making it an ideal biomarker for non-invasive monitoring. FC has been extensively studied in IBD and has shown good-to-optimal correlation with endoscopic, histologic, and transmural disease activity. Several studies have reported high sensitivity and specificity of FC in differentiating IBD from healthy controls and functional gastrointestinal disorders. FC has also been shown to accurately predict endoscopic disease activity, reducing the need for colonoscopy in many cases.

C-reactive Protein (CRP)

CRP is an acute-phase reactant protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation. Its levels are often elevated in IBD patients, particularly during active disease phases. CRP has been used as a biomarker to monitor disease activity and predict treatment response. While CRP alone may not be as specific as FC, it can provide valuable information when combined with other biomarkers and clinical indices.

Multi-target Biomarkers

Research has also explored the potential advantages of using multi-target tools that combine serum and fecal biomarkers with clinical activity indexes. These tools aim to enhance diagnostic and monitoring effectiveness by providing a more comprehensive picture of disease status. Fecal lactoferrin, autoantibodies, microRNAs, gene expression, and other serological and fecal markers have shown promising results but require further validation before widespread adoption in clinical practice.

Clinical Implications

The implementation of the "treat-to-target" strategy in IBD management has heightened the significance of biomarkers. This approach involves meticulously pursuing multiple therapeutic objectives, which relies on periodic monitoring of markers of disease activity. Studies such as the CALM trial have demonstrated that promptly escalating treatment guided by both clinical symptoms and biomarkers yields superior clinical and endoscopic outcomes in IBD patients. The STRIDE-II consensus initiative has also emphasized the importance of clinical response, remission, endoscopic healing, and normalization of CRP/erythrocyte sedimentation rate and FC as primary therapeutic targets.

Conclusions

The incidence and prevalence of IBD continue to rise globally, necessitating the development of non-invasive diagnostic and monitoring tools. Fecal calprotectin and C-reactive protein are among the most relevant biomarkers studied in IBD, showing good correlation with disease activity and therapeutic response. Multi-target tools that combine biomarkers with clinical indices have also shown promising results. Further research is needed to validate these biomarkers and incorporate them into routine clinical practice to improve the management of IBD patients.

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https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2994-8754/JTG-2024-00001

The study was recently published in the Journal of Translational Gastroenterology.

Journal of Translational Gastroenterology (JTG) dedicates to improving clinical diagnosis and treatment, advancing understanding of the molecular mechanisms, and promoting translation from bench to bedside of gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, and pancreatic diseases. The aim of JTG is to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas and concepts on basic, translational, and clinical aspects of gastroenterology, and promote cross-disciplinary research and collaboration.

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