Plants offer fruit to insects to disperse dust-like seeds

Fruit exist to invite animals to disperse the swallowed seeds. A Kobe University research team found that plants targeting insects rather than birds or mammals for this service are more common than previously thought. These plants produce dust-like seeds and fruit suitable for the minute, ground-dwelling animals.

Whether it’s strawberries, apples or grapes, the reason why plants make tasty fruit is to invite and reward animals to also eat and then disperse their seeds, which are smooth and sturdy for just that purpose. Given the size of most seeds, it’s natural that the animals associated with this are mostly birds and mammals. Incidentally, this is also why fruit are often red and dangle from branches. This allows the intended dispersers to easily see and reach the fruit. Insects, on the other hand, while they are often associated with plant pollination, are not seen as important for dispersing ingested plant seeds, mostly because the animals’ minute size wouldn’t allow for the safe passage of the seed through the animal. However, there are plants that produce dust-like seeds embedded in whitish and somewhat translucent fruit that are difficult to see from above and that fall to the ground as soon as they are ripe. And while this makes insects the prime candidates, it has not been known who the actual dispersers are.

The Kobe University botanist SUETSUGU Kenji has an extensive background in studying interactions between plants and arthropods (animals like insects, crabs, and spiders), with a particular focus on dust-seeded plants in Japan. He and his team travelled to Amami-Oshima Island in Japan where a shrub-like plant called Rhynchotechum discolor produces such translucent fruit with dust seeds. The researchers took automated night photographs of the fruit on the ground to find out who eats them and additionally captured insects in the plants’ vicinity (using a mixture of Kirin beer and the soft drink Calpis, both produced in Kobe University’s home region of Kansai). They then put the captured insects into containers to search their excrements for plant seeds and, with a separate feeding experiment, to find out how many of the seeds they eat can germinate.

Their findings, published in the journal Plants, People, Planet, confirmed that insects, specifically camel crickets, were the primary consumers of the fruit. Moreover, the captured insects’ excrement contained numerous seeds, about 80% of which were fully viable. “This result provides the first evidence of insects acting as seed dispersers for a light-harvesting, green plant in regions inhabited by land-dwelling mammals,” says Suetsugu. Previously, seed dispersal by insects was thought to occur only in special situations. There is the case of the weta, gigantic, flightless crickets home to New Zealand, that have taken on ecological functions usually associated with ground-dwelling mammals that don’t exist there. Otherwise, the ability of insects to disperse dust-sized seeds was understood to be largely restricted to heterotrophic plants. These non-green plants don’t harvest light but eat underground fungi and get what nutrients and energy they need from there, so their seeds can be tiny. Suetsugu explains, “Our findings challenge the notion that insect-mediated seed dispersal is a special case and suggest that it may be more widespread and ecologically important than previously understood.”

This discovery excites Suetsugu for another reason: “It also contributes to the understanding of the evolution of dust seeds. Because they are minute and contain minimal energy reserves, their evolution has often been associated with heterotrophy. However, our research on Rhynchotechum discolor suggests that dust seeds can evolve from other selective pressures: Given that smaller seeds are more likely to survive digestive processes, a small seed size could have evolved as an adaptation to convert seed predators into seed dispersers.”

In their paper, the research team notes that the shrub they investigated is likely not unique: “The fruit and seed morphology and coloration of other members of Rhynchotechum parallel those seen in R. discolor, suggesting that seed dispersal by camel crickets is widespread within the genus, which comprises 16 species. In a broader ecological context, similar seed dispersal systems might be found among plants with dust seeds, which are present in at least 13 families.” Suetsugu adds: “We have laid the groundwork for future studies to investigate similar interactions in other regions and with other plant species. This research enhances our knowledge of how plants adapt to their environments and the roles that different organisms play in their life cycles.”

This research was funded by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (grant JPMJPR21D6). It was conducted in collaboration with a researcher from the University of Tokyo.

Kobe University is a national university with roots dating back to the Kobe Commercial School founded in 1902. It is now one of Japan’s leading comprehensive research universities with nearly 16,000 students and nearly 1,700 faculty in 10 faculties and schools and 15 graduate schools. Combining the social and natural sciences to cultivate leaders with an interdisciplinary perspective, Kobe University creates knowledge and fosters innovation to address society’s challenges.