Proposed pathway for ammonia removal from the seahorse brood pouch (IMAGE)

Sophia University

Proposed pathway for ammonia removal from the seahorse brood pouch

Caption

Developing embryos release ammonia (NH₃) into the brood-pouch lumen. The proposed pathway involves NH₃ transport through RhCG2 and RhBG in the inner epithelium, followed by transfer through RhAG-expressing endothelial cells and erythrocytes into the bloodstream. In the gills, NH₃ may then pass through RhAG, RhBG, and RhCG2 before being released into the surrounding seawater along its concentration gradient.

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Copyright © 2026, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature

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