Households spending on sin goods (IMAGE)
Caption
The figure shows spending on sin goods in Danish shops among households in the treatment group (yellow) and the control group (purple), excluding tobacco products. The grey shaded areas indicate the two COVID-19 lockdown periods and the associated border closures. The dashed lines mark periods of pandemic-related restrictions.
Before the lockdowns, households living close to the border spent noticeably less in Danish shops because they could shop in Germany. When the border closed, the difference disappeared. It re-emerged when the border reopened.
Credit
Source: Bjerg et al. (2026), based on data from the YouGov Shopper Panel
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