Key bottlenecks and solution framework for rebuilding brain–spinal communication after spinal cord injury (IMAGE)

Science China Press

Key bottlenecks and solution framework for rebuilding brain–spinal communication after spinal cord injury

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Bottlenecks and matched solutions in closed-loop neuromodulation: (a) four domains of system fragility: engineering, biomedical, materials (interface instability), and clinical & ethics; (b) corresponding foundational solutions align with each: principled control, mapping of spinal dynamics, immune-aware biointerfaces, and trustworthy clinical frameworks.

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