TBX4-mediated regulatory network in limb development. (IMAGE)
Caption
This figure illustrates that TBX4 is crucial for mammalian limb development during the embryonic stage. It activates FGF10 within the mesoderm and interacts with β-catenin in the Wnt pathway, driving cell proliferation and differentiation. N-cadherin, a cell adhesion molecule, regulates cell interactions, stabilizing the Tbx4-active cellular environment and maintaining limb structure integrity. HLEA may participate in early limb bud formation, collaborating with Tbx4 to promote cell cycle progression and differentiation. Transcription factors like Shox2, Hoxd10, and Hoxc11 interact with Tbx4 to regulate limb growth and anteroposterior patterning. The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) secretes factors such as Fgf8, which interacts with the Tbx4-regulated Fgf10 pathway, sustaining continuous limb growth. Overall, these interconnected signaling pathways form a complex network, with Tbx4 serving as a key node ensuring orderly limb development from bud initiation to maturation
Credit
Lin Yi, Li Zhou, Bianfei Shao, Tingxiu Xiang, Jingyi Tang
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License
CC BY-NC-ND