M2 macrophage extracellular vesicles in bone regeneration: Applications and challenges (IMAGE)

Innovation Press

M2 macrophage extracellular vesicles in bone regeneration: Applications and challenges

Caption

M2 macrophage extracellular vesicles promote bone repair by reducing inflammation and stimulating blood vessel growth.

When combined with functionalized scaffolds, these vesicles significantly improve implant integration and defect healing.

Challenges remain in targeting, scalable production, and quality control for clinical use.

Credit

Lu P., Luo F., Zhou Z., et al. (2026). M2 macrophage extracellular vesicles in bone regeneration: Applications and challenges. The Innovation Reviews 1(1), 100003.

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Credit must be given to the creator.

License

CC BY

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