Visualizing PD-L1 Antibody Binding to Extracellular Vesicles in Real Time with High-Speed AFM (IMAGE)

Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University

Visualizing PD-L1 Antibody Binding to Extracellular Vesicles in Real Time with High-Speed AFM

Caption

High-speed AFM reveals heterogeneous antibody accessibility on single small extracellular vesicles (sEVs).
Real-time HS-AFM imaging directly visualizes long-lasting stable and transient antibody binding to individual sEVs.
MDA-MB-231-derived and patient-derived TNBC sEVs showed markedly higher antibody co-localization and longer dwell times than MCF7-derived sEVs, revealing substantial differences in the accessibility of surface PD-L1 at the single-vesicle level.

Credit

Adapted from Reon Imakawa, et al., Small Methods (2026).

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License

CC BY

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