Integrated Three-Stage and Six-Subtype Framework of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (IMAGE)
Caption
Figure 7 summarizes the integrated framework proposed in this review. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is organized into three progressive pathogenic stages: metabolic dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and overt neuronal damage. Within this framework, six representative subtypes are mapped onto the three stages, while redox disequilibrium is highlighted as a central mechanistic hub linking subtype heterogeneity to disease progression. The figure also illustrates cold atmospheric plasma as an emerging redox-modulating intervention with potential relevance to metabolic reprogramming, inflammation attenuation, and neurogenesis promotion.
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Xiaofeng Dai
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