Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) as central mediators of neuroimmune crosstalk across tissues (IMAGE)
Caption
(a) In the brain, meningeal and perivascular ILC2s produce α-CGRP and amphiregulin (Areg), promoting angiogenesis and neurogenesis. (b) In the lung, neuronal mediators, including neuromedin U (NMU), acetylcholine (ACh), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), activate ILC2s, whereas norepinephrine (NE), dopamine, and CGRP inhibit their activity. Activated ILC2s produce IL-5, IL-13, and Areg, driving immune cell infiltration and tissue repair. (c) In the skin, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8-positive (TRPM8+) sensory neurons secrete IL-18 to activate ILC2s, which in turn produce IL-5 and IL-13 to induce uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and thermogenic responses. (d) In the intestine, enteric neurons release VIP, NMU, NE, ACh, and CGRP to regulate ILC2 activity. Activated intestinal ILC2s produce IL-5, IL-13, and Areg, promoting immune cell recruitment, mucosal homeostasis, and anti-helminth immunity. Created in BioRender. https://BioRender. com/an4t86o
Credit
Professor Jie Zhou from Tianjin Medical University School of Basic Medicine, China and Professor Qiang Liu from Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China Image source link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44466-026-00053-1
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