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Researchers developed a triple-synergy strategy that locks ultrafine ruthenium nanoparticles inside a nitrogen-doped porous carbon framework. Spatial confinement, nitrogenous defect anchoring, and electronic modulation work together to improve alkaline hydrogen evolution. The resulting Ru/3DSPNC catalyst delivers high activity and long-term durability in anion exchange membrane water electrolysis, operating stably at 1.9 V for 310 hours.
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Chinese Journal of Catalysis
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