Risk Factors and Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-mediated Hepatotoxicity: Emerging Insights and Future Perspectives (IMAGE)
Caption
The current evidence on IMH risk, identifying established clinical risk factors, including female sex, young age, pre-existing liver disease, specific cancer types, dual ICI therapy, concurrent hepatotoxic drugs, as well as promising biomarkers ranging from circulating immune cells to gut microbiome profiles. However, no biomarker has yet been proven sufficiently reliable for clinical use. These findings highlight a critical translational gap and the insufficiency of current knowledge for prediction. Therefore, future research should prioritize large-scale, prospective, and longitudinal studies to develop validated, integrated multi-dimensional prediction models. This work is essential to enable pre-emptive risk stratification and improve the safety of cancer immunotherapy.
Credit
Chengliang Zhang, Yingjie Hu
Usage Restrictions
Credit must be given to the creator. Only noncommercial uses of the work are permitted.
License
CC BY-NC