Evolution of mobile communication systems. (IMAGE)

Higher Education Press

Evolution of mobile communication systems.

Caption

1G: first-generation; 2G: second-generation; 3G: third-generation; 4G: fourth-generation; PSTN: public switched telephone network; MTSO: mobile telephone switching office; BS: base station; GMSC: gateway mobile switching center; MSC: mobile switching center; VLR: visitor location register; HLR: home location register; BSC: base station controller; BTS: base transceiver system; RNC: radio network controller; DN: data network; GGSN: gateway general packet radio service (GPRS) support node; SGSN: serving GPRS support node; VoLTE: voice over long-term evolution; P-GW: P-gateway; S-GW: S-gateway; MME: mobility management entity; HSS: home subscriber service; eNodeB: evolved NodeB; NEF: network exposure function; NRF: network repository function; NSSF: network slice selection function; AMF: access management function; UDM: unified data management; SMF: session management function; (R)AN: (radio) access network; UPF: user plane function; PS: packet-switched.

Credit

Xiaoyun Wang, Lu Lu, Qin Li, Qi Sun, Nanxiang Shi, Ziqi Chen, Tao Sun

Usage Restrictions

Credit must be given to the creator. Only noncommercial uses of the work are permitted. No derivatives or adaptations of the work are permitted.

License

CC BY-NC-ND

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