Impact of A. panax pathogenicity diversify on plant–soil feedback in an agroforestry system. (IMAGE)
Caption
Impact of A. panax pathogenicity diversify on plant–soil feedback in an agroforestry system. (A) Performance of P. notoginseng under pine forests: healthy (CK), mild leaf spot with partial defoliation (M), and severe leaf spot with complete leaf loss (S). (B-C) Leaf infection effects on subsequent P. notoginseng survival rate (B) and dry weight (C) (n = 5, 7, 6 to assess the survival rate; n = 6, 7, 6 to evaluate dry weight). (D-F) Identification (D), and pathogenicity testing of A. panax on P. notoginseng leaves in vitro (E) (n = 30) and in vivo (F) (n = 183). CK indicates the blank control with a noncolonized agar block. (G) Experimental procedure overview: evaluating A. panax's pathogenicity levels (weakly, medium, and high) and infection intensity (inoculated zero-, one-, two-, three-, or four leaf) on PSF and rhizosphere microbiome. P. notoginseng inoculated with A. panax strains AL (weakly), AM (medium), and AH (high) in step 1; noninoculated (i0) or inoculated with varying leaf numbers (i1–i4) in step 2. (H) Seedling survival in unsterilized and sterilized soils following foliar infection by A. panax at different pathogenicity levels (h1 and h2) or with the weakly pathogenic strain AL at varying intensities (h4 and h5) (n = 10). CK denotes healthy plants. (h3 and h6) Feedback ratios based on seedling survival rates in unsterilized soil following foliar infection by A. panax at different pathogenicity levels (h3) or strain AL at varying intensities (h6). CK compares unsterilized to sterilized soil feedback ratios. Data presented as mean ± SEM. Asterisks denote significant differences compared with blank control (two-tailed t-test, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.05 -). Letters indicate significant differences (ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD, P < 0.05).
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Horticulture Research
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