Geological Risk Forecasting Using an Online Hidden Markov Model (IMAGE)
Caption
Sparse early-stage data limits accurate geological risk assessment, increasing the chance of undetected hazards ahead of the TBM. By integrating borehole-derived information through an observation extension mechanism, the OHMM mitigates prediction uncertainty. Continuous online updating improves forward accuracy, enabling earlier hazard alerts. The trade-off lies in maximizing early-stage predictive resolution while minimizing dependence on extensive historical data.
Credit
Limao ZHANG1 , Ying WANG2 , Xianlei FU2 , Xieqing SONG1 , Penghui LIN2
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License
Original content