Schematic depicting the involvement of regional sympathetic nerves in the mediation of pain in early-stage TMJ-OA (IMAGE)
Caption
Sympathetic nerves precede sensory nerves and run in parallel with sensory nerves in the subchondral bone of TMJ-OA mice. During the early stage of TMJ-OA, regional sympathetic nerves release increased levels of norepinephrine (NE). The released NE promotes growth and activation of sensory nerves in the subchondral bone. The NE also synergizes with the actions of netrin-1 and PGE2, thereby contributing to the development of pain
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CC BY