Depending on where you live in the United States, the meat you eat each year could be responsible for a level of greenhouse gas emissions that's similar to what's emitted to power your house. That's according to new research from the University of Michigan and the University of Minnesota published in the journal Nature Climate Change.

Despite evidence grasslands and shrublands can adapt to periods of moderate drought, they can’t withstand prolonged periods of extreme dryness. An international collaboration, including researchers from Murdoch University, has found even native systems capable of acclimatising to moderate drought are no match for more extreme conditions.

The “tumor-on-a-chip” recreates the body’s tumor environment in miniature, complete with blood vessels and immune cells, so researchers can “see” what helps or hinders engineered immune cells inside solid tumors.

Adding vildagliptin, a drug currently used to treat type 2 diabetes, to the chip, allows many more CAR T cells to break through the protective tumor microenvironment and attack the tumor.

These chips could help accelerate the development of more efficacious and safer immunotherapies for cancer patients while reducing the need for the use of other preclinical models.