A research team at the University of Pittsburgh, led by Dr. Anne Robertson and PhD candidate Fatemeh Azari, discovered that the bladder does not simply inflate like a balloon when it fills. Instead, it contains large internal folds that flatten to allow the bladder to expand with very little increase in pressure. Using advanced imaging techniques, the team showed how these folds play a major role in maintaining bladder function and protecting the kidneys. Their findings, published in Scientific Reports, represent the first full-organ mechanical study of healthy bladder filling and will help improve understanding and treatment of conditions like bladder outlet obstruction. The team is now working on a digital twin model to support more personalized medical interventions.